Introduction

A short introduction to the various grounding circuits we will cover in this overview module.

Common Ground Point & DC Systems

In this lesson, we take a look at the common ground point, which we call a grounding bus to distinguish it from what we have called the DC circuit ground. We also learn about the core differences between grounded and isolated ground DC systems.

Purpose & Installation

We learn about the purpose of all grounding systems plus installation requirements for grounding and bonding systems depending on this purpose.

End-of-Module Quiz

AC vs. DC

After discussing the safety risks of AC systems, we will explore the fundamental differences between AC and DC systems.

AC Grounding

We learn about the importance of the normally non-current-carrying grounding conductor for the safety of AC systems. In the second half of the lesson we will also get to understand a phenomenon called Electric Shock Drowning and how such incidents can be prevented.

AC System Considerations

We delve into the ABYC and ISO installation requirements for shorepower-based AC systems on boats and how you can make sure your system is safe and standards compliant.

End-of-Module Quiz

Introduction

In this short intro lesson, we discuss how to safely switch between various power sources.

Sources of Power

We get to know the various onboard power sources and how we can integrate them into a boat's AC system.

Preventing Corrosion

We learn about mechanisms to prevent corrosion issues that can be caused by the grounding conductor of a shorepower connection.

Varying Voltages

If you are venturing to foreign countries (or if your local marina is badly wired) you will have to deal with varying shoreside voltages and frequencies. In this lesson, we present a simple way to prepare a boat for such circumstances without the need for any expensive specialized equipment.

Bonus: Inverter Selection Criteria

In this bonus article, Nigel dives a bit deeper into criteria for selecting an inverter for onboard use.

End-of-Module Quiz

Galvanic Corrosion

We learn about the electrochemical processes that cause galvanic corrosion when two different types of metal are electrically connected and immersed in an electrolyte.

Bonding & Cathodic Protection

We explore how to use a bonding system and sacrificial anodes to keep corrosion at bay. We also briefly look at impressed current systems.

Stray Current Corrosion

Stray-current corrosion can be much worse than galvanic corrosion. We examine various examples of stray-current corrosion and how you can minimize the risk on your boat.

Passive Measures Against Galvanic Corrosion

We discuss how to minimize the risk for corrosion by choosing the right materials, surface coatings, and construction methods.

End-of-Module Quiz

Lightning Introduction

In this introductory lesson on lightning protection, we will explore how lightning storms develop. We will also talk about the potential damage of direct or indirect strikes.

Preventing Damage

We look at the two main classes of lightning, various lightning protection standards and how to minimize the risk of damage from a strike.

The External LPS

We focus on ways recommended by the ABYC and ISO to safely conduct lightning current to ground in the case of a direct strike.

Internal Lightning Protection

We explore ABYC and ISO approaches to preventing high voltage transients and to protect your boat and crew from arcing and side flashes caused by lightning.

The NFPA’s approach to an LPS

In this lesson, we discuss how the most recent National Fire Protection Association NFPA 780 standard for marine lightning protection now has some significant differences with the ABYC and ISO standards.

End-of-Module Quiz

Desired vs. Real World Output

We learn why the output of an alternator might be significantly lower in real life than its rated output and the implication this has for choosing the right model.

Alternator Installation

We look at different mounting options for alternators and how to determine the right pulley ratio for optimal output depending on the model of engine and alternator.

Engine Overload

We explain how to estimate the additional load of a high-output alternator to find out if the engine can handle it without overload.

Electrical Connection

We take a brief look at the wiring requirements for alternators, in particular with respect to the required ampacity of the conductors when run inside the engine compartment.

Drive Belts

We learn about the various types of belts and how to ensure effective transmission of the engine's power to the alternator without belt slip.

End-of-Module Quiz

Voltage Regulation

We learn about field current and how this controls the output of an alternator. We also look at various charge profiles.

Troubleshooting

We get to know how to detect faults with alternators and how we can "hot wire" an alternator to bypass its regulator in case of an emergency.

End-of-Module Quiz

Core Safety Issues

In this intro-lesson we explore the issue of carbon monoxide poisoning, the station waggon effect, and why portable gasoline generators are not a good choice for on-board use.

Types & Selection Criteria

We get to know the difference between synchronous and asynchronous generators and various other selection criteria.

Installation & Integration into the Boat’s System

We learn how to install and integrate a generator into a boat's electrical system. If properly integrated, modern technology can help dramatically improve the efficiency of onboard generators.

Maintenance & Troubleshooting

There are a few typical issues that can arise with the electrical side of generators. We learn what to do if voltage or frequency issues occur or the generator's output breaks down.

End-of-Module Quiz

Introduction

What makes lithium-ion technology ideal for our on board use-patterns? We look at the key characteristics of lithium-ion batteries in comparison with lead-acid batteries.

Lithium-Ion Battery Construction

How are lithium-ion batteries constructed? We learn what's inside a lithium-ion battery cell, and how high and low temperatures can affect performance and safety.

Lithium-Ion Battery Safety

We cover internal and external safety mechanisms that prevent potentially catastrophic battery fires. We also learn which battery chemistries have the least risk of failure.

BMS Requirements

Lithium-ion batteries should not be called batteries. They are an energy storage system that requires sophisticated surveillance and control. This is the job of the battery management system (or BMS). We explore requirements for such a system when it's installed on a boat.

Addendum: A Glimpse into the Future

In this short bonus article, Nigel shines a light on future developments in battery technology that are expected in the coming years.

End-of-Module Quiz

Fuel Consumption

We learn about the specific fuel consumption (SFC) of an engine, which is dependent on the engine's RPM and the load.

Generating Electricity

What happens if we add an additional load to a boat engine at typical cruising speed? It improves overall engine efficiency! We explore how this allows us to generate electricity from the propulsion engine with surprisingly high efficiency.

Efficiency Comparisons

We compare the efficiency of alternator-based systems both underway and at anchor to traditional generator-based systems.

Cost of Energy

What is the cost per kilowatt-hour of energy produced on board? We make a detailed cost comparison of alternator-based systems with standalone generators based on cost of fuel, amortization, and maintenance costs.

End-of-Module Quiz

Introduction

In this short introduction, we learn how data is transmitted digitally between various devices.

Basics of NMEA2000

The current industry standard for onboard networks is NMEA2000. We explain the principle of the underlying CAN-bus technology and the requirements for the physical layer.

Setting up an NMEA 2000 Network

We learn how to plan and set up a standards-compliant NMEA2000 network, including the required voltage drop limitations. We also explore simple troubleshooting techniques.

End-of-Module Quiz

NMEA0183

Although NMEA0183 is considered by many to be outdated, there are still many devices on older boats that use this standard. We cover the main principles of connecting NMEA0183 devices but also the limitations of the standard.

Ethernet & Co.

This lesson is a short excursion into the future of onboard networks based on ethernet technology and the NMEA OneNet standard.

Introduction

We get to know the core components of a distributed power system and why such a system can drastically reduce the amount of wiring needed on a boat.

Overcurrent Protection

We explore requirements for electronic circuit breakers (ECBs) in a digital switching system and how to size them.

Extended Functionalities

We explore the smart capabilities of a digital switching system and look at examples of how they can be used to enhance the system's capabilities well beyond what would be possible with a traditional system.

Issues & Troubleshooting

We learn about the various things that can go wrong with a digital switching system and the importance of a "limp-home" capability that allows us to manually override the system in case of a software or hardware failure.

End-of-Module Quiz

Serial vs. Parallel Hybrids

What are the key characteristics of purely electric propulsion systems as well as serial and parallel hybrid installations?

Regeneration

One of the promises of electric propulsion is the ability to generate energy while under sail. We examine under what conditions this is possible and what output can be expected with various propeller types and electric motors.

Electric Motors

We learn about different types of electric motors and their efficiency in bringing power to the propeller shaft.

Dynamic Motor Control

In conjunction with Scott McMillan of Electric Yacht, Nigel has undertaken considerable electric propulsion motor testing, including regeneration, using his boat ‘Nada’. In this extensive article, he presents the results of their efforts to optimize the performance of an electric motor over a wide range of power demands and rpm via dynamic setting of torque control.